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Human & Experimental Toxicology
DOI: 10.1177/0960327109363973
Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29; 249
Edward J Calabrese
Hormesis is central to toxicology, pharmacology and risk
assessment
http://het.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/4/249

Edward J Calabrese
Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences
Division, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,
edwardc@schoolph.umass.edu

This paper summarizes numerous conceptual and experimental
advances over the past two decades in the study of
hormesis. Hormesis is now generally accepted as a real and
reproducible biological phenomenon, being highly
generalized and independent of biological model, endpoint
measured and chemical class/physical stressor. The
quantitative features of the hormetic dose response are
generally highly consistent, regardless of the model and
mechanism, and represent a quantitative index of biological
plasticity at multiple levels of biological organization.
The hormetic dose-response model has been demonstrated to
make far more accurate predictions of responses in low dose
zones than either the threshold or linear at low dose
models. Numerous therapeutic agents widely used by humans
are based on the hormetic dose response and its low dose
stimulatory characteristics. It is expected that as low
dose responses come to dominate toxicological research that
risk assessment practices will incorporate hormetic
concepts in the standard setting process.

Key Words: hormesis • hormetic • biphasic • U-shaped •
adaptive response • inverted U-shaped

Human & Experimental Toxicology, Vol. 29, No. 4, 249-261
(2010)
DOI: 10.1177/0960327109363973

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